Juvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Juvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Participant Information Sheet and Consent Form)-Appendix B As part of the requirements for a degree in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at Buffalo, I have to conduct a research study. This research looks at the effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on recidivism rates. Prison recidivism rates continue to be a problem in the United States. Just within the first 3 years of release from prison, it is estimated that more than 40 percent offenders commit new crimes and are once again incarcerated. This is an obvious sign that the implemented programs and policies to combat recidivism are failing. This study looks at cognitive-behavioral therapy, the most known†¦show more content†¦We ask that you provide accurate responses. You do not have to answer any question(s) you feel uncomfortable answering during the interview(s). This study will not be anonymous as it requires us to collect names for the purpose of completing this research. For the purpose of this study, information will remain confidential. To ensure confidentiality, Non-involving persons or agencies will not have access to information collected to ensure confidentiality. Participation in this study is completely voluntary. You have the right to refuse to answer any question you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed to answer. You have the right to withdraw yourself from the study at any time. No risks are anticipated as a result of participation in this study. Your current prison term will not be effected should you refuse to participate, withdraw your consent, or discontinue participation Each participant who completes their participation in this study is awarded early release from prison This study was reviewed by the Department of Ethics Committee, the Criminal Justice Department, Sociology Department, and the Department of Applied Psychology. If you need any further information or have questions at any time during the study, you can contact me: Magdalena Mpinga (315) 383-7128 mpingam01@mail.buffalostate.edu Please sign theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sexual Offending On Adult Offenders1202 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Most research on sexual offending focuses on adult offenders, however, juveniles also engage in such behaviors. 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As we’ve explored already, individual therapy hasRead More Hope for Rehabilitation for Institutionalized Youth Offenders4628 Words   |  19 Pages â€Å"You do the crime, you pay the time,† is a common phrase uttered throughout our society in regard to juvenile delinquency. It has been suggested that a punitive response to the problem of youth violence in America is an effective means of solving the issue of youth crime, and would also deter future offenders. As a result, the existence of rehabilitation strategies within the system available to offenders is under threat. A harsh and punitive response to youth violence was, in part,Read MoreThe Prevention of Crime801 Words   |  4 Pagesplays a big part in the criminal justice system. From the enforcement on the street by police, to the courts in sentencing the proposed punishment for the crimes, to the rehabilitation and reintegration of these offenders into society to reduce recidivism rates. 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The Mayo Clinic website defines cognitive behavioral t herapy (CBT) as a common type of psychotherapy, talk therapy, wherein the individual seeking therapy works with a mental health counselor in a structured way for a prescribed set of meeting. (web citation) CBT is a goal oriented therapeutic approach which allows the individual in therapy to identify troubling situations or conditions in their life; allows the individual to become awareRead MoreJuvenile Offenders With Substance Abuse Problems1840 Words   |  8 Pagesavailable for juvenile offenders with substance abuse problems. The paper will contain explanations of the available programs, how they work, who is eligible for them, and other factors. After discussing how the programs work this paper will then take a look at which programs seem to be working and lessening recidivism and which ones may not be as effective. In the past several years researchers have found intervention strategies and program models that hope to prevent juvenile delinquency andRead MoreResponse Paper On Sexual Offenders1653 Words   |  7 PagesNGA (1), â€Å"Most of the currently used sex offender risk instruments are designed solely to gather information on static factors, or those features of an individual’s experience that are unchangeable. These factors can be used to assess long-term recidivism potential, but not to identify treatment needs or to predict the timing of a re-offense.† The risk assessment is a preventative strategy that helps probation officers assess the offender so they can determine whether the offender is a risk to theRead MoreEvidence-Based Practices For Youth Offenders1343 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States’ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), provide a list of all evidence-based practices that are beneficial for youth offenders (SAMHSA, 201 7). Per SAMHSA (2017), between 50-70 percent of the youth in the juvenile justice system, have a mental disorder and up to 60 percent have been diagnosed with a substance use disorder (SAMHSA, 2017). Of those youth with dual diagnosis, approximately 30 percent have lost the ability to function as a result of their disorder

Analysis Philippians 3 12-21 - 1795 Words

I chose to write my paper on Philippians 3:12-21. Before writing this paper I was not entirely familiar with the reasons for Paul’s letters to the church of Philippi. It was an interesting study once I understood the background and reasoning for Paul’s writings. Paul writes a thank you letter to the Christians at Philippi for their contributions and support in his hour of need, and he uses the occasion to send along some instructions on Christian unity. Paul is also giving them an update on his circumstances. Most of Paul’s letter to the church of Philippi dealt with areas such as joy, rejoice, praise, thankfulness, and attitude. Background In this letter Apostle Paul showed how great his love was for the church of Philippi, showing his gratitude for their financial support to further the work of the ministry and to express his concern about their spiritual walk. His only thought was about advancing the cause of Christ and building the Philippians’ faith to continue their mission in spite of the persecution they were facing. Within their church many of the people were at odds and some were trying to hinder the spread of the Gospel. Because of this, Paul encourages the church of Philippi to stand fast, be of the same mind, rejoice in the Lord always but by prayer let your request be made known and the peace of God shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus (Philippians 4:1-7). The external and internal evidence for Paul to the author of Philippians is veryShow MoreRelatedThe Exemplary Hope, Obedience and Care of Paul and Timothy as They Imitate Christ: AN EXEGESIS OF PHILIPPIANS 2:19-241624 Words   |   7 Pageswrote to other churches, such as those at Galatia and Corinth (292). This proves to be the case in Philippians 2:19-24. In these six verses Paul is intending to communicate two main points: (1) He believes that Timothy is a respectable teacher of God’s word, and he wants the Philippian congregation to recognize this (Phil 2:22); (2) Paul intends for Timothy’s visit to be encouraging to the Philippian brethren, and for their encouragement to be reciprocated in himself. In writing this section ofRead MoreAn Interpretive Analysis Of Philippians 3:11 Essay1885 Words   |  8 PagesInterpretive Analysis Philippians 1:3-11 1. Structural Analysis Keeping with the basic structure form used by multiple times by Paul in his day, immediately after opening the letter (Giving his name and in this instance also Timothys, naming to whom the epistle was written for, a general greeting and thanksgiving)Paul gives a prayer for these believers while foreshadowing the themes that will be used later on in the epistle. Key Center: I thank my God every time I think of youÂ… (3) ParagraphRead MoreJames s Martyrdom As A Verifiable Origin For Information1892 Words   |  8 PagesJames, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus. While controversy continues regarding the authenticity of the inscription, the fact that such a find enthralled the religious world shows the historical importance attached to James, the brother of Jesus.† Mark 3:21-35 describes James before his transformation. It is here that he was at least doubtful, if not in disbelief, of Jesus and His ministry. Actually, â€Å"critical scholars almost always hold that James, the brother of Jesus, was a skeptical unbeliever duringRead MoreCritique On The Resurrection Of Christ : Theological Implications By Daniel B. Wallace Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagespreaching. Dr. Wallace argues that the bodily resurrection of Jesus is an essential and central doctrine of the Christian faith. 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Yet, it is important that these views, such as strength and openness to knowledge, are approachedRead MoreThe Trinity, The Three Distinct Persons Of God Essay1860 Words   |  8 Pagesbelief stated that the existence of God assumes in the scriptures, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth† (Gen1:1) . In science, we are taught in order for the hypothesis to be valid it should undergo scientific observation and analysis. In this kind of processes, we are trying to observe the existence of God by the use of scientific tools, in contrast, science should be the primarily tool to prove the existence of God. Science is a gift from God; it should be the tool to exploreRead MoreTh e Immortality of Abortion3138 Words   |  13 Pagesinsists on being the sole arbiter of what is moral. Most Americans look to democratic process to determine morality. (Mumford, 2000, p 3) In 1966, the Vatican Council II wrote the Pastoral Constitution on the church in the Modern World which included in part two of the constitution its views on abortion titled Some Problems of Special Urgency. (Mumford, 2000, p 3) The Pastoral Constitution, part two reads: God, the Lord of life, has conferred on men the surpassing ministry of safeguarding lifeÂâ€"aRead MoreEssay on A Christians Worldview1822 Words   |  8 Pages | |Robin Jackson | |9/12/2011 | APOLOGETICS 104 Introduction This worldview paper will show views on different aspects of worldviews. I will defineRead MoreThe Fulfillment of the Day of the Lord Essay5829 Words   |  24 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 The Day Of The Lord In The Old Testament: A Day for the Just†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 The Day of the Lord in the New Testament†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 ‘The Day’ Refers to the Judgment Seat Of Christ†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Overcoming Controversy of the Day of the Lord .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 Bibliography†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 INTRODUCTION Although theology scholars, such as J. Bergman Kline, maintain thatRead MoreTrinitarian Doctrine : Christianity From Other Religions And Serves As A Barometer For Measuring Orthodox Faith2020 Words   |  9 Pagestoward the â€Å"other† an innate part of God’s nature and a pattern for the church to model. The incarnation is to Severson the ultimate example of how the church should relate to the lost in a noncoercive but persuasive, respectful, and compassionate manner.3 Lesslie Newbigin diagnoses the present missionary movement as exclusively interested in Christ and lacking the richness of trinitarian doctrine.4 This is dangerous, he writes, because â€Å"the mission of the church is to be understood, can only be rightly

Marketing Within the Global Economy

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Within the Global Economy. Answer: Business Overview Apple is a multinational technology conglomerate that has headquarters situated in Cupertino, California. The Company is known to design, develop as well as sell individual electronic goods as well as computer software. The hardware goods of Apple include iPad tablet computer, iPod manageable media player as well as Apple smart watch. On the other hand, the software goods of Apple include macOS and iOS operating systems (Rodrigues Minshall, 2015). Steve Jobs, Steve Woznaik and Ronald Wayne instituted the Company in the year 1976. It is integrated as Apple Computer Inc. in the year 1977 however; it was renamed as Apple Inc. in the year 2007. Purpose of the Report The report mostly focus on the operation of Apple in the United Kingdom and Braziland the report also seeks to analyze how the macroeconomic environment within these two contexts might have an influence on the economic activity of the Company. Analysis of the Market Structure - United Kingdom and Brazil United Kingdom Apple Inc. is considered in two different market structures such as oligopoly and monopolistic competition. The share of the UK Smartphone market had augmented enormously due to the share of Apple. IPhone accounts for more than 39.5 percent of Smartphone sales in the UK. Almost one-third of the iPhone sales are made through the retail stores of Apple. Both iPhone6 and iPhone6 plus emerged as the best-selling product of Apple that shifted more than 10 million units (Hardman Steinberger-Wilckens, 2014). Apple mostly faces a monopolistic competitive market structure in the UK, as it has no barriers to entry. The major feature of the Company is that it involves product differentiation. In other words, the Company differentiates its product by making use of several features. Apple also takes the prices charged by its competitors as specified and avoids the impact of its own prices on the prices of other firms. As per the reports, more than 86 percent of UK purchasers upgraded from an old er iPhone model however; only 5 percent of the individuals switched across from Samsung (Lambert, 2017). Brazil The market structure of Apple in Brazil is competitive as the Company faces competitive obstacle in the market of Brazil. Although Brazil is considered as one of the largest and fastest growing Smartphone markets, yet Apple does not have a single retail store in Brazil. As a result, Apple commands less than 10 percent of the market share in Brazil that is quite similar to that of other developing countries such as China, India and Russia (Baghestany, Yazdani Ahmadian, 2015). Apple mostly faces competition from Samsung that is considered as the brand of choice in Brazil. Apple faces a rising battle in Brazil where IPhone is continuously facing competition from Android. The individuals find it too costly to afford an iPhone. With a price tag of $2000 in Brazil, the iPhone is more than three times more costly as compared to other similar models such as Samsung. Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators - United Kingdom and Brazil Year GDP growth rate (Brazil) GDP growth rate (UK) 2007 6.07 2.56 2008 5.09 -0.63 2009 -0.13 -4.33 2010 7.53 1.92 2011 3.91 1.51 2012 1.92 1.31 2013 3.02 1.91 2014 0.10 3.07 2015 -3.85 2.22 Figure 1: GDP Growth Rate (Source: Created by Author) The graph shows that the GDP growth rate of the UK was 2.56 in the year 2007 that was comparatively less as compared to the GDP growth rate of Brazil that was 6.07. The GDP growth rate of the UK from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 1.58 percent. However, on the other hand, the GDP growth rate of Brazil from the year 2010-2012 averaged to 4.53 percent. On the other hand, in the year 2013, the GDP growth rate of the UK was 3.07 that were relatively higher as compared to that of Brazil that was 0.10. Similarly, in the year 2015, the GDP growth rate of the UK in the year 2015 was 2.22 that was comparatively higher as compared to Brazil (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Apple experienced a reduction of 40 percent in the sale of iPhone in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. The factors that led to the slowdown of sales is due to the ongoing global recession in Brazil. The lack of new features in the latest iPhone has led to reduction of attractiveness to customers. However, despite the economic unsteadiness Samsung stays the market leader in Smartphone sales in Brazil. Both Apple and Samsung is recognized as a premium brand in the country. Apple has also been focusing on more costly items to partly cover increase in cost that are caused by fluctuation in currency as well as demand of individuals for more highly developed devices (Sturgeon et al., 2016). Year GDP per capita at Constant Prices (UK) GDP per capita at Constant Prices (Brazil) 2007 3.1 1 2008 2.9 1.4 2009 2.4 1.7 2010 2 1.7 2011 2.1 2 2012 2.6 2 2013 2.2 2.5 2014 2.3 2.5 2015 2.9 2 Figure 2: GDP per capita at constant prices (Source: Created by Author) The diagram illustrates that the GDP per capita in the UK was three times more as compared to that of Brazil. Brazil has also overtaken the UK to become the sixth largest economy of the world. Despite expanding at a mere 3.5 percent in the year 2006, the powerhouse of the Brazil has viewed its GDP reach a record of 1.6 trillion. The overall, profit of Apple for the first quarter of 2015 increased to 1.7 percent to $18.4 billion. By contrast, the sale of Apple fell by 40 percent in Brazil mostly due to fall in real GDP. However, the strategy made by Apple is likely to augment the sale by reinvigorating the iPhone line. Apple is looking forward to market iPhone with larger screen to the thousands of individuals who did not purchase a new iPhone (Data.worldbank.org, 2017). Year CPI (Brazil) CPI (UK) 2007 3.6 2.3 2008 5.7 3.6 2009 4.9 2.2 2010 5.0 3.3 2011 6.6 4.5 2012 5.4 2.8 2013 6.2 2.6 2014 6.3 1.5 2015 9.0 0.1 Figure 3: CPI (Source: Created by Author) The rate of inflation is high in Brazil as compared to that of the United Kingdom. As a result, the purchasing power of Brazil is likely to decrease. As a result, the individuals in Brazil are likely to pay more for same commodities and services that will in turn reduce the sales of Apple. On the other hand, the consumer price index is comparatively less in the United Kingdom and as a result, the individuals are likely to purchase Apple at the market rather than at the elevated price. The type of inflation that is mostly faced by Apple is asset inflation that is mostly created by high demand. This is mostly because; the prices of the product of Apple are relatively high as compared to its competitors (Pimentel Choudhry, 2014). There is a specific status to owning an Apple product, and that permits Apple to charge elevated prices. The stability or low CPI in the UK is likely to contribute to the well-functioning economy, which lead to increase market share for Apple. Year Unemployment Rate (Brazil) Unemployment Rate (UK) 2008 8.1 5.4 2009 7.1 5.4 2010 8.3 7.8 2011 7.9 7.9 2012 6.7 7.8 2013 6.1 8.0 2014 6.5 7.5 2015 6.8 6.3 Figure 4: Unemployment Rate (Source: Created by Author) Over the year 2008-2015, the average rate of unemployment in Brazil averaged to 7.2 percent whereas, the average rate of unemployment in the UK averaged to 7 percent. In the year 2013, the UK witnessed highest rate of unemployment whereas; Brazil witnessed the lowest rate of unemployment of 6.1 percent. The increase rate of unemployment in Brazil is likely to lead to decline in consumer expenditure that will in turn affect trade that will lay off employees due to losses. In the year 2011, the rate of unemployment has been equal in both the countries. In the year 2014, the UK faced slow rate of economic growth however; the rate of unemployment fell unexpectedly. The high rate of unemployment is likely to decrease the demand for iPhone in Brazil and as a result, companies will produce lesser amount of products as well as they will cut workers (Mazzuia et al., 2015). In the year, the consumer market of Brazil worth of BRL2.9 trillion, leading the region of Latin America in terms of cons umer expenditure. Despite increasing government expenditure on several social programs that have helped to diminish inequality of income, the Gini Index of Brazil measures the inequality of income ranging from zero to 100 percent. The new middle class of Brazil is frail with yearly disposable income just above thresholds of middle class and as a result, they can easily return to poverty in case of any shock to the economy. As a result, Apple might not have stable platform to expand its business in Brazil. On the other hand, consumer spending pushed the UK to another solid quarter of expansion in the run-up to the referendum of Brexit. Household expenditure accounts for more than 60 percent of the economy of the UK. As a result, Apple will find its expansion in the UK because; more expenditure is likely to increase the scale of Apple (Gausden Hasan, 2016). Year % of GDP (Brazil) % of GDP (UK) 2007 18.9 19.4 2008 18.8 20.3 2009 19.7 21.8 2010 19.0 21.5 2011 18.7 20.9 2012 18.6 20.7 2013 19.0 20.1 2014 19.5 19.7 2015 20.2 19.4 Figure 5: % of GDP (Source: Created by Author) The biggest annual budget deficit has been witnessed by Brazil in the year 2014 with a budget gap 343.9 billion reais. The 6.7 percent gross domestic product of Brazil is compared with 3.25 percent deficit of the year 2013. On the other hand, the UK posted its biggest budget surplus before the financial crisis that took place in the year 2015. The surplus of the country was below the expectation of the economists and it indicated that the government borrowed 74 billion in the fiscal year to bridge the gap between proceeds as well as expenditure. A major budget deficit had been witnessed by Brazil in the year with almost 111.25 billion Reais and as a result, the % of GDP of Brazil had been low as compared to that of the UK. The major budget deficit is equal to 1.9 percent of GDP. There is only a single way by which Apple can survive in Brazil and that is only possible if the government prints more money to pay off the deficit. Year Current Account Balance (% of GDP) Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 2007 0.1 -2.5 2008 -1.7 -3.5 2009 -1.5 -2.9 2010 -3.4 -2.8 2011 -2.9 -1.8 2012 -3.0 -3.7 2013 -3.0 -4.4 2014 -4.3 -4.7 2015 -3.3 -5.4 Figure 6: Current Account Balance (% of GDP) (Source: Created by Author) The balance of payment records the business deal of both the countries with the rest of the world. The UK has had a persistent current account deficit in the last 15 years. This has been mostly caused by deficit in trade in commodities as well as deterioration in investment incomes. In the year 2015, the current account deficit of the UK was 96.4 billion (5.4 % of GDP). Apple mostly paid the UK employees abroad that led money leaving the UK and in turn creating debt on the current account (Bussiere, 2013). At present, outflows to UK employees are larger than inflows of overseas employees in the UK. The UK has a deficit in trade in commodities however; since the year 2011, the current account deficit has been augmented due to decrease in direct investment income. On the other hand, Brazil had a comparatively less current account deficit. In the year 2007, Brazil had a current account surplus of 0.1 percent of GDP. However, since 2008 Brazil faced current account deficit, the highest b eing 4.3 percent in the year 2014. As a result, due to current account deficit, both Brazil and the UK have lesser number of chances to create more jobs to expand the market for Apple (Dhingra et al., 2016). An analysis of the monetary and fiscal policy Both monetary and fiscal policies have played a key role in the suppression of inflation in Brazil. Despite the present economy slowdown in Brazil as well as increase in inflationary pressure, the long-term success of the Plan brings out greater stability of price. The policies bring out the foundation for alleviation of poverty as well as distorted distribution of income. The first characteristics of the Brazilian macroeconomic support include a shift from a system of semi-fixed rate of exchange to a managed floating exchange rate. The use of monetary policy and the rate of exchange helped to absorb the external shocks of the Brazilian economy (Fagiolo et al., 2014). The use of high level of rate of interest mostly regulated the target system of inflation. However, Brazil also utilized fiscal policy with the sole target to generate primary surplus. This will in turn help to maintain the stability of public debt and provide credibility to the government. However, Apple is a retail bu siness that is mostly affected by fiscal because; it changes the amount of disposable income that is expended by individuals. As a result, if Brazil makes the use of more fiscal policy, it will result in higher rates of interest and the retailers also requires to pay more for lines of credit. However, higher rates of interest is likely to attract more foreign investors that will in turn give the retailers more power to purchase while purchasing merchandise from overseas suppliers in domestic currency (Matheson Pereira, 2016). On the other hand, the present UK demand policy mostly concentrates on using monetary policy as the monetary policy has little advantage over the fiscal policy. With the help of fiscal policy, the country will be able to change the rate of interest more easily as compared to level of tax and investment. This will prove beneficial for Apple, as monetary policy will not involve government expenditure that will lead to high rates of interest (Friedman, 2015). The cost of credit will remain constant rather than increasing and as a result, it will increase purchase of the individuals. Monetary policy will also reduce uncertainty about the expansion of the market for Apple in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the foreign trade policy instruments A global economic crisis has been weathered by Brazil that has been supported by local and overseas demand as well as good macroeconomic policies. Brazil has also contributed to worldwide economic recovery by considerably rising imports. Brazil is one of the most active participants of the WTO (World Trade Organization) and within the BRICS group of leading up-and-coming countries. Brazil stays committed to strengthening the multilateral business system (Hopewell, 2013). Foreign investors in Brazil receive the similar legal treatment as that of domestic investors in most of the economic sectors. This will in turn prove beneficial for Apple to expand its market. The decision to leave the EU, have led the UK to reconfigure its foreign trade policy. The UK trade policy observatory had formed a collaboration between Ghatham House as well as the University of Sussex that in turn supported the enhancement of new trade policies in the post-Brexit period (Walsh Mander, 2017). References Baghestany, A. A., Yazdani, S., Ahmadian, M. (2015). World trade market structure for corn. International Journal of Life Sciences, 8(5), 1-5. Bussiere, M. (2013). Balance of payment crises in emerging markets: how early were the earlywarning signals?. Applied Economics, 45(12), 1601-1623. Current account balance (% of GDP) | Data. (2017). Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 25 January 2017, from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS?locations=GB-BR Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G. I., Sampson, T., Reenen, J. V. (2016). The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. Fagiolo, G., Treibich, T. G., Roventini, A., Napoletano, M., Dosi, G. (2014). Fiscal and monetary policies in complex evolving economies (No. 006). Friedman, B. M. (2015). Has the financial crisis permanently changed the practice of monetary policy? Has it changed the theory of monetary policy?. The Manchester School, 83(S1), 5-19. Gausden, R., Hasan, M. S. (2016). Would information on consumer confidence have helped to predict UK household expenditure during the recent economic crisis?. Applied Economics, 48(18), 1695-1709. Hardman, S., Steinberger-Wilckens, R. (2014). Mobile phone infrastructure development: lessons for the development of a hydrogen infrastructure. international journal of hydrogen energy, 39(16), 8185-8193. Hopewell, K. (2013). New protagonists in global economic governance: Brazilian agribusiness at the WTO. New Political Economy, 18(4), 603-623. Lambert, T. (2017). Monopoly Capital and Entrepreneurism: Whither Small Business?. Matheson, M. T., Pereira, M. J. (2016). Fiscal multipliers for Brazil. International Monetary Fund. Mazzuia, A. R. D. O., Machado, D. R., Fukumothi, D. K., Nunes, L. F. B., Tucci Neto, C., Jorge, H. M. D. H., ... Mattos, C. A. D. (2015). Iphone app use to Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Does this apply?. Coluna/Columna, 14(2), 101-104. Pimentel, R. C., Choudhry, T. (2014). Stock returns under high inflation and interest rates: evidence from the Brazilian market. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(1), 71-92. Rodrigues, A., Minshall, T. H. (2015). Assessing strategic importance of innovation to multinational corporations. Sturgeon, T., Gereffi, G., Guinn, A., Zylberberg, E. (2016). Brazil in Global Value Chains. Walsh, C., Mander, S. (2017). Contextualising the drivers for trade: Some lessons from historical case studies. Marine Policy, 75, 290-299.

Leadership Vs Management

What is Leadership? Today there is apparent need to embark on a journey to search for, and understanding true meaning of leadership styles due to the current administrative-related challenges. This is particularly due to the high rates of unemployment and existence of diverse work-groups.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership Vs Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is equally need to find different styles to fairly dealing with employees and tasks in the discipline of management, which seem to be surrendering its role to that of leadership. It is easy to define leadership as a style of control that is mainly concern with employees’ and overall organization’s performance. A well performing team has a successful leader steering its activities. High performing firms therefore requires an equally aggressive and strong leadership style. This report presents points that critically contr ast and compare between various aspects or styles of leadership and those of management. The handbook is a guidance that includes characteristics or models used for measuring leadership styles and strategies for upcoming managers. Being Acquainted With Leadership Leadership is guidance or assistance procedures mainly concern with the way people within a firm create rapport, communicate and live by the significances of life (Hargreaves, 2003). According to Hargreaves (2003), for a leadership style to be effective, it is imperative to share personal values and abilities. The process of leadership is considerably complex due to the high expectations that people place over the issues. The anticipations are concern with personal needs, differences in believes/synergy/ energy levels, expectations, experiences, and technological advancements among other aspects. The personal differences bring about superimposing of the mentally modelled aspects, thus placing very high expectations and chal lenges over the leadership style. A good leadership style must have a reciprocating environment where the leader has needs, and the subordinates have their own different requirements with the expectation that the leader meets them. In most instances, a leadership style fails because these needs lack measurable elements or factors to meet expectations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Common Leaderships Style Good leadership avails chances of interactive participation of all members in the firm, regardless of their differences by categorizing issues with respect to matters of concern. According to Booyens (2008), this is a healthy leadership approach because it enables the employees and other members of the organization to critic or compels the leaders with competitive views and opinions, which are important for achievement of goals. Positive views assist in validating and ke eping the leader in a lane of reality. Dynamic dialogue cools any conflicting contemplations and maintains the cooperation between the involved parties (Booyens, 2008). Distinction between leadership and management Any organization needs both a leader and manager. The same person can hold both positions. The managers dominate most of the governance styles but the main differences lie between various supreme approaches to services. Managers have a value for results while leaders value relationships among affiliates. There are high regards over positions in management while this is not evident in leadership. Leaders take reputable high risks compared to the managers and are personal, caring and avoid copying the rules of others or the stipulated rules (Heifetz, 2004). On the other hand, the manages will often conform to existing rules and want to ensure protection of the status quo over change, thus making the leaders more innovative and ready to engage change for the better (Heifetz , 2004). The leaders’ style of guidance is non-functional thus inspiring and motivational compared to the management style of functionally analyzing, evaluating and solving problems from a personal perspective. The leadership hierarchy restrains the flow of unnecessary information, poor policies of the firm, agendas that conflict governance as well as pressures for the need to conform. This makes the style incredibly difficulty over the provision of overall directions as opposed to management (Mathias et al, 2007). According to Heifetz (2004), the issues of leadership in organizations have revolutionized due to introduction of different age groups or other diversifications like the multicultural societies. The reference of leadership made over the decades has become obsolete because it concerns the ability to hold top management positions. Today the top management positions and their functions are still in common usage, but current trends indicate that people have discoverie s concerning the distinction between managers and leaders. The process of exercising leadership skills, styles and qualities has a different meaning of providing a vision and influence of those led into realization of coexistence and sharing of thoughts. It is possible to define leadership style of governance in two ways. First is the ability to have considerations of various aspects in the organization such as age, gender, performance, experience, cultural and energy differences, characterized by an emphasis over good relations. In this situation, the leader is a good listener who is approachable and friendly. This style entails openness thus enlisting the mental trust among those involved. Second is the ability to engage a leadership behaviour that directs an organization and assists in defining goals, structure and style of execution.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership Vs Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Position of leadership styles in the organization One key factor that is evident today is the need to search for and understand leadership position. The main reason behind the abolition of the eminent traditional styles of administration concerns presentation. These performance levels are attainable only when the involved groups have trust of their leaders. Trust is a pre-requisite aspect of leadership that call for those in charge to portray honesty and show concern or care for their followers’ needs and thoughts, but at the same time make certain that they remain accountable over their deeds (Booyens, 2008). Secondly, the leader ought to honour commitments and pronouncements. Respect is an inevitable aspect of leadership in which case the leader ought to respect the opinion of others regardless of their age, gender or other differences and respond to their requests amicably and respectably owing to the thought that differences of opinion is an eminent sign o f progress. Lastly, it is important for the leaders to have a set of values, which their followers can identify with or connect to such as courageousness, reliability, integrity, competence, honesty, altruism, and fairness (Booyens, 2008). Trust is like a pillar that runs through every aspect of leadership thus ensuring leadership success. People will take a considerable amount of time to trust and consequently, the leader should have great consistent on efforts and honest style of leadership. Functions of leadership A leader must perform various functions of the organizational such us selecting people to make up the organizational structure, units or segments that control the flow of information in and out of the firm. Leadership also entails the ability to ensure individual and group participation in a knowledgeable manner. A leader must engage interpersonal characteristics, which create good working morale within the organization. She/he ought to indicate a good degree of concer n about humanity and pay attention to the follower’s concerns over the leadership or other organizational aspects (Mathis et al, 2007). A good leader has to make quick but accurate decisions. Every time or day involves a fresh crisis requiring a solution. Ability to focus subdivided attention back to routine for business continuity is vital. For instance, the leader cannot focus on the current tasks and ignore the future aspects or consequences that can affect the firm. Lastly is the decisional function, in this case, a leader ought to give the impression of searching for the decisions regarding achievements of goals. Leadership entails the ability to create a compelling vision and style that reshapes future perspectives. A professional leader guides tasks through visions or ultimate powers accorded to ensure success of a process. Those problems, concepts, ideas or actions that receive the attention determine the sustainability of the firm. In line with Daft and Marcic (2008 ), a good definition of leadership lies on the ability to determine aspects that deliver prosperity. Practical Applications of Current trends of leadership styles Beside the performance procedures, there are various policies of enhancing leadership, which include-Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Determining employment related actions and obligations through evaluation to ensure competence and personal satisfaction over the assigned field. Having procedures to design, evaluate and administer performance procedures that ensure unity among the group members without a reference to their experience, age, gender or other differences. Having rules that enhance integration of employee retreatment programs as a motivational factor and team building procedure Enhancing ways to monitor and evaluate the conducts and performance of the employees. Enforcing procedures for monitoring employees’ relationships by availing ways of getting feedbacks from them regarding the assigned duties Availing employees’ consultation programs regarding their performance expectations as a measure of ensuring safety and required collaboration Ensuring employees’ performance is highly dependent on proper communication and agreements regarding achievements. Enforcement of policies to ens ure proper, efficient, secure, flexible and accurate ways of data collection for collaborative discussions Ensuring existence of rules to govern maintenance of past and present employees’ performance records and relations Providing regulations that facilitate the employees’ negotiations, transactions, and, compliance with the assigned obligations Involving some procedures for rewarding and encouraging engagement Unlike management, leadership is arguably a style that entails a pull rather than a push. The leader must realize their strength; have a good grasp of skills and abilities to convene organizational needs such as diversities. The leader ought to be in a position of evoking positive opinions and gunner participation besides gaining credibility from the client as well as employees. A manager can still be a leader. References Booyens, S. (2008). Introduction to Health Service Management. South Africa, SA: Juta and Company Ltd. Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2008). Under standing Management. Kentucky, KY: Cengage Learning. Heifetz, R. (2004). Leadership without Easy Answers. London, UK: Harvard University Press Hargreaves, A. (2003). Teaching in the Knowledge Society. New York, NY: Teachers’ College Publishes. Mathis, R., Jackson, J., Elliott, T. (2007). Human Resource Management.  Ohio, OH: Thomson Southwestern Publishers. This report on Leadership Vs Management was written and submitted by user Kailyn Phillips to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.